Sexually Transmitted Infection (SDI)

Sexually Transmittted Infection(STI)

• Diseases that are passed on by an infected person during sex
• Caused by bacteria or viruses
• Often show symptoms for the initial stage-cannot be detacted early
• Late treatment nay cause serious health problems or even death
• Examples: gonorrhoea, syphilis, AIDS

Gonorrhoea

• Caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrheae

• Treatment: with antibiotics, but only in the early stages.

Symptoms and Signs of Gonorrhoea

• Pain when urinating
• Thickliquid (pus) coming out of pinis or vagina
• Damage the reproductive organs, leading to sterility
• May cause blindness in babies born from mothers with this disease

Syphilis

• Like gonorrhoea, has afflicted humans for thousands of years
• caused by a sprial-shaped bacterium called 'Treponema pallidum'

• Treatment-with antibiotics, such as penicillin, but only in its early stages
  

Symptom and Signs of Syphilis

At early stages: sores in mouth and on the reproductive organs

At late stages:

• Deformed joints
• Abnormal teeth
• Blindness
• Serious heart and brain problems
• Insanity
• Babies born from mother with syphilis may be blind, deaf or even died

AIDS

A new disease with the first case identified in 1918

Stand For:

• Acquired:some thing we get
• Immuno:the body is not able to fight against the disease
• Deficiency Syndrome:all the signs and symptoms brought by the disease

Cause of AIDS

• Caused by a virus called a the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Virus attacks the white blood cells, which helps the body to fight diseases
• People die , not from AIDS itself but from the diseases that the body cannot fight

How do people get AIDS?

• Through sexual intercourse with an infected person
• Through cuts and bits
• By the use of contaminated injection needles (eg. in hospitals or shared among drug uses)
• By the use of contaminated needles in ear percing or tatooing
• During the transfusion of blood contaminated with the virus during pregnancy, a mother with AIDS can pass the disease to her unborn baby. The baby may also get virus from the infected mother's breast milk.

Symptoms and signs of HIV infection

After a few monts or several years :

• Tiredness
• Weight loss
• Fever
• Serious diarrhoea

Last stage of HIV infection: AIDS

Occur after eight to ten years of HIV infection

AIDS patient may suffer from:

• Pneumonia
• different forms of cancer(e.g. of blood vessels)
• damage to the brain
• death

Cure for AIDS: None at the moment!

Common myths about AIDS

Aids can be spread by:

• Touching infected person
• From seezing
• From kissing
• From toilet seats

These are not true, and it is save to touch and, in general, be with an infected person.

Social isues of AIDS

Many people with AIDS are shunned by others in society:

• People will not want to be with them
• Neglect them
• Baised towards them

Prevention of STDs

• Sexual intercourse with one uninfected partner
• Sexual intercourse using a condom
• Not taking drugs, especially not sharring needles which may be comtaminated with bacteria or viruses
• Make sure that ear piercing equipment has been sterilized before it is used on you
• Make sure that a baber uses a new blade when shaving.

Sexual relations and social issues

Premarital Sex

Premarital Sex is sexual intercourse before marriage.

The possible consequences are

• Unplanned pregnancies



• Abortion



• Abandon babies



• Sexually Transmitted Infection(STI)

Only certain way to avoid pregnancy is to practice abstinence. i.e. staying away from sex

Abortion

Abortion is the deliberate ending of a pregnancy.

• Abortion is by removing the embryo or fetus from the uterus.



• Should always be carried out by a trained doctor



• In Singapore, abortions are only carried out during the first 24 weeks of pregnancy unless the life of the mother is in danger.

To see the cartoon on abortion, click below.

http://mikeaustin.org/AAA/Partial%20Birth%20Abortion/PartialBirthAbortion.jpg

Why abortion ?

• The baby is severely physically and mentally deformed



• The life of the mother is in danger if the pregnancy continues



• The pregnancy was unplanned



• The couple is poor and cannot afford another baby

Abortion risks

• Infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes (make it difficult for the women to become pregnant in the future)



• Massive loss of blood from vagina (lead to death)



• Puncturing of the uterus by the instruments (massive blood loss that leads to death)



• Feeling of guilt (lead to depression)

Understanding the changes in you

What is Puberty?

• a stage of growth in a young person when reproductive organs become functional.


• production of sex hormones and gametes.


• development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Puberty occurs at aroung the age of 12-14 yr.

Changes in boys

• grow larger in size and start to produce sperms.


• height grow rapidly in short time.


• body becomes more muscular.


• hair growing on the face and body(especially under the armpits and around the reproductive organs)


• voice "breaks", sounds deeper.


• appetite increases

During puberty, the boy begins to produce a lot of sperms. Often, these are released form the penis at night. It is called nocturnal emission. Sometimes it happens in a dream which is sexual in content. It is normal and harmless and happens with most boys.

Click below for a interesting cartoon

http://sg.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0zu1oF9pICYQBdtou4gt./SIG=12ci2dngo/EXP=1222338792/**http%3A//www.johnshakespeare.com.au/cartoons/cartoon6.html

Changes in girls

• height grows rapidly in short time.


• breasts grow larger.


• hips become rounder and wider.


• hair grows on the armpit and around the reproductive organs


• menstruation begins

As puberty occurs at different ages for different people, never worry if you develop earlier or later than your friends. Example; if you are shorter than your classmates now, you amy be taller than them in a few years.

Menstruation

At puberty, the eggs ripen at different times. When the eggs is ripe, it is released from the ovary, called ovulation, which occurs about once every 28 days. The two ovaries take turns to release eggs.

At about the same time, the uterus become thicker and has more blood to prepare the uterus to have a baby. If the egg is fertilised, it grows in the uterus. The ovaries then stop releasing eggs until the baby is born.

If the eggs is not fertilised, it dies.Therefore the thick lining of the uterus is no needed. Together with the blood, they comes out of the vagina. This removal is called menstruation or 'period' and lasts from 3 to 7 days.

Ovulation and menstruation are part of the menstrual cycle. A typical cycle last for 28 days, though some may vary. The length of a cycle is from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next menstruation.

Periods may be irrigular at first, but as one gets older, it becomes more regular. In a cycle, ovulation usually occurs about 14 days before menstruation.

Emotions

At puberty , the feelings of young people begin to change:

• opposite sex become more interesting and attractive


• look at themselves and asked questions


• become shy with opposite sex


• embarrassed with the changes

Most importantly, we should be positive about our appearance and feelings because they are normal at this time.

Knowing your body

Have you ever wonder how your reproductive organs looks like and what are the names of the different parts that form your reproductive organs? Do you know what are the functions of the different parts? Do check out the diagram below to take a look!

FUNCTION OF SOME STRUCTURES IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

If you want to have a clearer look at the female reproductive system, click on the website below.

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SNC1D/McIntosh/biology/sex_organ-female.gif

Ovary: They are located in the left and right lower abdomen. Ovaries produce eggs as well as hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Oviduct/fallopian tube: These thin, soft tubes extend from the uterus to the ovaries. During ovulation, an ovary releases an egg into the fallopian tube next to it.

Uterus: Also called the womb, the uterus is a hallow, pear-shaped organ with a muscular wall and a lining. The uterus expands many times in size during pregancy to hold the growing fetus.

Cervix: The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina. During labor, the cervix dilates to about 4 inches(10cm) in diameter.

Vagina: This tube-like organ connects the uterus to the outside of the body. The birth of a baby follows its path.


FUNCTION OF SOME STRUCTURES IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

If you want to have a clearer look at the male reproductive system, click on the website below.

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SNC1D/McIntosh/biology/sex_organ-male.gif

Scrotum: The scrotum(sometimes called the scrotal sac) contains the testicles and epididymis and hangs under the penis.

Testis: The two testicles(or testes) produce sperm and the male sex hormone, testosterone

Sperm Duct/ Vas deferens: Also called the ductus deferens, this thin muscular tube transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries semen and the urine out of the penis.

Penis: The penis is made up of the two parts: the sharft, and the glans. The penis delivers sperm through the urethra into the female reproductive tract.

Glossary

estrogen: a substance that is produced in a woman's ovaries that causes changes in her body and prepares it for having babies.

progesterone: a hormone that acts to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum, to maintain pregnancy, and to promote development of the mammary glands.

dilates: expands

epididymis: A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens.

testosterone: a hormone in males that gives them their male qualities.

semen: sperm and nutritive fluid

sharft: the main part of the penis.

glans: the tip of the penis, sometimes called the head.